This publication, curated by Barcelona Provincial Council (#ALDAMember and member of the Governing Board), serves as a resource for reflection and debate on internationalisation and city diplomacy in an increasingly uncertain and multipolar world marked by rising conflicts and democratic backsliding.

City diplomacy refers to international relations led by local governments as key global actors. Its aim is to address shared challenges, promote common interests and facilitate knowledge exchange. In recent decades, municipalities have recognised their transformative role in implementing global agendas at the local level. International organisations now view them as strategic partners, while cities have demonstrated a strong capacity to mobilise resources, respond to crises and build transnational networks for cooperation and influence.

However, city diplomacy operates in a fragmented geopolitical context shaped by “permacrisis”, growing polarisation and instability. In this environment, it plays a crucial role in strengthening multilateralism, promoting peace, democracy, decentralisation and human rights, and redefining development cooperation through collaboration with civil society.

In line with its 2024–2027 Mandate Action Plan, Barcelona Provincial Council’s International Relations Directorate organised the conference “City Diplomacy in a World in Conflict” on 13 December 2024. The event brought together experts and municipal representatives to explore how local governments can act effectively in today’s complex global landscape.

This publication includes the discussion paper that framed the conference, followed by contributions from speakers and concluding reflections. It aims to advance knowledge, encourage innovative thinking and strengthen the international engagement of municipalities as a tool to promote citizens’ well-being and peaceful, sustainable change.